アメリカはどうすんの？

オバマ政権の対応も調べてみた。

オバマ大統領は就任から半年経った２００９年７月、カイロ大学で演説しています。（参照）　ここでオバマ大統領は、イスラエルとパレスチナの双方の事情に理解を示しながらも、唯一の解決方法は、イスラエルとパレスチナが平和に暮らせる２つの国を作るべきだとしています。

For decades then, there has been a stalemate: two peoples with legitimate aspirations, each with a painful history that makes compromise elusive. It's easy to point fingers -- for Palestinians to point to the displacement brought about by Israel's founding, and for Israelis to point to the constant hostility and attacks throughout its history from within its borders as well as beyond. But if we see this conflict only from one side or the other, then we will be blind to the truth: The only resolution is for the aspirations of both sides to be met through two states, where Israelis and Palestinians each live in peace and security. (Applause.)

これを受けて行われたのが、前のエントリでまとめたネタニヤフの演説で、パレスチナの武装解除とかいろいろ条件を付けてはいるものの、two-state solutionを一応は支持しています。

In my vision of peace, there are two free peoples living side by side in this small land, with good neighborly relations and mutual respect, each with its flag, anthem and government, with neither one threatening its neighbor's security and existence.

ただし、パレスチナ側からみると、イスラエルがtwo-state solutionを支持しているとは思えない。アッバス大統領は９月の国連演説で、結局のところ、イスラエルはtwo-state solutionを拒絶しているのだと言っています。

There can only be one understanding of the Israeli Government's actions in our homeland and of the positions it has presented to us regarding the substance of a permanent status agreement to end the conflict and achieve peace. That one understanding leads to one conclusion: that the Israeli Government rejects the two-State solution.

パレスチナはtwo-state solutionとはオスロ合意に基づいて１９６７年の６日間戦争前の国境線を尊重するものであるとしています。そしてイスラエルが嘆きの壁とか聖墳墓教会とか岩のドームがある東エルサレムでの入植活動を続けていることを許すことができないということらしい。パレスチナは東エルサレムを首都として独立することを望んでいるとのことです。

The core components of a just solution to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict do not require effort to discover, but rather what is needed is the will to implement them. And marathon negotiations are not required to determine them, but rather what is needed is the sincere intention reach peace. And those components are by no means a mysterious puzzle or intractable riddle, but rather are the clearest and most logical in the world. This includes the realization of the independence of the State of Palestine, with East Jerusalem as its capital, over the entire territory occupied by Israel since 1967, and the realization of a just, agreed solution to the Palestine refugee issue in accordance with resolution 194 (III), as prescribed in the Arab Peace Initiative.

イスラエルは直近でも、東エルサレムでの入植活動を継続しています。（参照）　イスラエルにすれば、東エルサレムを含むヨルダン川西岸は１９４７年の第１次中東戦争後はヨルダン領だったけれど、６日間戦争の結果、イスラエルがヨルダン川西岸を占領して、その後、１９９４年のイスラエル・ヨルダン平和条約でイスラエルとヨルダンの国境線がヨルダン川ということになったのだから、東エルサレムはイスラエルのものだということでしょう。一方、パレスチナにすれば、６日間戦争での占領地はオスロ合意で無効になっているのだから、東エルサレムはイスラエル領であるはずはないということでしょう。


で、アメリカなんですが、２０１１年５月にオバマ大統領が声明を発表して、１９６７年の国境線が交渉の土台となるべきだとしています。パレスチナ寄りっぽいですね。ただし、"with mutually agreed swaps, so that secure and recognized borders are established for both states"としているので、東エルサレムをどうするとかいうことは交渉すればいいんじゃないのということかもしれません。

So while the core issues of the conflict must be negotiated, the basis of those negotiations is clear: a viable Palestine, a secure Israel. The United States believes that negotiations should result in two states, with permanent Palestinian borders with Israel, Jordan, and Egypt, and permanent Israeli borders with Palestine. We believe the borders of Israel and Palestine should be based on the 1967 lines with mutually agreed swaps, so that secure and recognized borders are established for both states. The Palestinian people must have the right to govern themselves, and reach their full potential, in a sovereign and contiguous state. （参照）

そしてイスラエルには自衛の権利があるとして、イスラエルのヨルダン川西岸からの撤退はパレスチナが非武装化されることが前提だとしています。このあたりはイスラエル寄りです。

As for security, every state has the right to self-defense, and Israel must be able to defend itself -– by itself -– against any threat. Provisions must also be robust enough to prevent a resurgence of terrorism, to stop the infiltration of weapons, and to provide effective border security. The full and phased withdrawal of Israeli military forces should be coordinated with the assumption of Palestinian security responsibility in a sovereign, non-militarized state. And the duration of this transition period must be agreed, and the effectiveness of security arrangements must be demonstrated.

エルサレムの将来とパレスチナ難民の扱いについては協議のなかで解決すればいいということのようです。

These principles provide a foundation for negotiations. Palestinians should know the territorial outlines of their state; Israelis should know that their basic security concerns will be met. I’m aware that these steps alone will not resolve the conflict, because two wrenching and emotional issues will remain: the future of Jerusalem, and the fate of Palestinian refugees. But moving forward now on the basis of territory and security provides a foundation to resolve those two issues in a way that is just and fair, and that respects the rights and aspirations of both Israelis and Palestinians.

つまり、とりあえず１９６７年の国境線を前提とすることと、パレスチナの非武装化とヨルダン川西岸からの撤退について合意する。そのうえで、東エルサレムとパレスチナ難民については協議しましょうと呼びかけているわけですね。


最近のイスラエルによるガザ攻撃に関しては、ネタニヤフ首相に対して「自己防衛の権利」を認めるとともに、事態を悪化させないための方策についても協議しています。（参照） ただし、事態を悪化させない云々は、ハマスが攻撃を止めることを条件としてということのようで、これも２０１１年５月の声明の内容に沿ったものだといえる気がします。

MR. RHODES: Yes. Yesterday the President spoke with Prime Minister Netanyahu. He’s spoken with him each [nearly every] day since this situation unfolded. He reaffirmed again our close cooperation with the Israelis. They discussed the Iron Dome system, which the U.S. has funded substantially over the last several years, and which has been successful in stopping many of the rockets that have been fired out of Gaza. They also addressed the fact that they’d like to see a de-escalation provided that, again, Hamas ceases the rocket fire, which precipitated this conflict.（参照）